以及: Formal Additive Coordination in Chinese
以及
以及 is a relatively formal conjunction that adds the final noun phrase, verb phrase, or parallel item in a coordinated list. The linked items should have matching grammatical roles. It is common in written descriptions and announcements, but it does not join a cause to its result or replace 还是 in an alternative question.
Published July 23, 2026
Reviewed July 23, 2026
01 / PATTERN
See the Structure
MODEL
A、B，以及 C
Read the structure
以及 is a relatively formal conjunction that adds the final noun phrase, verb phrase, or parallel item in a coordinated list. The linked items should have matching grammatical roles. It is common in written descriptions and announcements, but it does not join a cause to its result or replace 还是 in an alternative question. Keep the model A、B，以及 C visible while you compare each sentence.
会议讨论了时间、地点以及预算。
The meeting discussed the time, place, and budget.
Choose the right context
Add the last item in a formal list. Coordinate parallel noun phrases in notices or reports. Link parallel actions when all share the same subject.
请带护照、机票以及邀请信。
Please bring your passport, ticket, and invitation letter.
Respect the boundary
Do not coordinate grammatically mismatched fragments. Do not use 以及 for an either-or question. Do not put 以及 after the final list item.
请带护照、机票、邀请信以及。
(Please bring passport, ticket, invitation letter, and.)
Repair the pattern
以及 comes after the last item: 以及 must introduce the final coordinated item, not follow it. 以及 replaces the alternative-question connector: 以及 adds compatible items; an alternative question requires 还是.
请带护照、机票以及邀请信。
Use the repaired structure without changing the intended meaning.
02 / MAP
Read the Sentence
Read from left to right and notice the job performed by each part. The labels describe this example; they are not a rule that every Chinese sentence must copy.
会议讨论了时间、地点以及预算。
The meeting discussed the time, place, and budget.
会议
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
讨论
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
了
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
时间
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
、
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
地点
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
以及
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
预算
A、B，以及 C
This part occupies the A、B，以及 C position in the model pattern.
03 / EXAMPLES
Examples You Can Reuse
Keep the structure stable while changing the people, objects, times, or conditions. Pinyin is shown as reading support; use the Chinese sentence and translation to confirm the grammar relationship.
会议讨论了时间、地点以及预算。
The meeting discussed the time, place, and budget.
请带护照、机票以及邀请信。
Please bring your passport, ticket, and invitation letter.
她负责报名以及安排住宿。
She is responsible for registration and arranging accommodation.
04 / LIMITS
When to Use It — and When Not To
Use it when
- Add the last item in a formal list.
- Coordinate parallel noun phrases in notices or reports.
- Link parallel actions when all share the same subject.
Do not use it when
- Do not coordinate grammatically mismatched fragments.
- Do not use 以及 for an either-or question.
- Do not put 以及 after the final list item.
05 / REPAIR
Compare Right and Wrong
Compare the smallest meaningful change. Each explanation identifies a placement, scope, form, or clause relationship instead of treating the whole sentence as one undifferentiated mistake.
请带护照、机票、邀请信以及。
请带护照、机票以及邀请信。
以及 comes after the last item
以及 must introduce the final coordinated item, not follow it.
你喝茶以及咖啡？
你喝茶还是咖啡？
以及 replaces the alternative-question connector
以及 adds compatible items; an alternative question requires 还是.
请带护照、机票、邀请信以及。
以及 must introduce the final coordinated item, not follow it.
你喝茶以及咖啡？
以及 adds compatible items; an alternative question requires 还是.
06 / PRACTICE
Practice the Grammar Point
Complete three short tasks in order: judge the pattern, repair a common error, and build the sentence. Feedback is fixed and reviewed, so these activities do not use a checker allowance.
1. Judge the sentence
2. Choose the correction
3. Build the sentence
Build a complete sentence with 以及.
07 / APPLY
Apply It in Your Sentence
Write one original sentence with 以及. Your draft moves to the checker through this browser session, selects this grammar point as the first review focus, and waits for you to submit.
08 / QUESTIONS
以及: Formal Additive Coordination Questions
Is 以及 more formal than 和?
Usually yes. It is especially common when adding the final item in written lists.
Can 以及 link actions?
Yes, when the actions are grammatically parallel and share an understood subject.
09 / SOURCES
Sources and Review Notes
These references support different parts of the lesson. GF0025-2021 supports level placement only; professional grammar works support the explanation, limits, examples, and cross-checks. Their inclusion does not imply endorsement.
Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education (GF0025-2021)
Ministry of Education and State Language Commission · Ministry of Education of the PRC · 2021
Locator: GF0025-2021 Appendix A, Level 4 item 【四19】, 连词：并、以及 (printed p. 207)
Supports placement in HSK 4; it does not independently establish the usage explanation.
Official sourceModern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed.
Ross, Ma, Chen, He and Yeh · Routledge · 2024
Locator: Chapter 16, §16.1.3, conjunctions that indicate an additive relationship
Treats 以及 as a formal additive conjunction joining parallel constituents.
Official source10 / CONTINUE
Continue with a Connected Rule
Compare
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Compare this lesson with 甚至 introducing a more extreme case; both belong to coordination and escalation, but they organize a different sentence role or discourse job.
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乃至乃至: Extending to an Extreme
Compare this lesson with 乃至 extending a formal scale to its furthest member; both belong to coordination and escalation, but they organize a different sentence role or discourse job.
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Compare this lesson with 且 adding a coordinated formal predicate or reason; both belong to coordination and escalation, but they organize a different sentence role or discourse job.
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除此之外除此之外 (chúcǐ zhīwài)
Continue with the reviewed follow-up lesson to apply this pattern inside a broader, explicitly connected grammar construction.
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