据: According to Evidence in Chinese
据
据 introduces the source or evidential basis for a statement, often in formal reporting: 据统计, 据说, or 据专家介绍. The source phrase comes before the reported proposition. 据 cannot take aspect marking, follow its source noun, or stand without a source or reporting expression. The following proposition is presented as based on that stated source.
Published July 23, 2026
Reviewed July 23, 2026
01 / PATTERN
See the Structure
MODEL
据 + Source / Evidence + Reporting clause
Read the structure
据 introduces the source or evidential basis for a statement, often in formal reporting: 据统计, 据说, or 据专家介绍. The source phrase comes before the reported proposition. 据 cannot take aspect marking, follow its source noun, or stand without a source or reporting expression. The following proposition is presented as based on that stated source. Keep the model 据 + Source / Evidence + Reporting clause visible while you compare each sentence.
据统计，游客人数增加了百分之十。
According to statistics, visitor numbers increased by ten percent.
Choose the right context
Attribute a statement to statistics or an expert. Use 据说 for reported information. Mark an evidential basis in formal news or analysis.
据专家介绍，这个信息并不准确。
According to experts, this information is inaccurate.
Respect the boundary
Do not attach 了 to 据. Do not reverse 据 and its source. Do not use it as proof that the report is certainly true.
据了统计，人数增加了。
(According-le statistics, numbers increased.)
Repair the pattern
了 is attached to the evidential preposition: 据 introduces evidence and cannot take the aspect particle 了. The source is placed before 据: 据 must precede the source or evidence it introduces.
据统计，人数增加了。
Use the repaired structure without changing the intended meaning.
02 / MAP
Read the Sentence
Read from left to right and notice the job performed by each part. The labels describe this example; they are not a rule that every Chinese sentence must copy.
据统计，游客人数增加了百分之十。
According to statistics, visitor numbers increased by ten percent.
据
据
This part occupies the 据 position in the model pattern.
统计
Source / Evidence
This part occupies the Source / Evidence position in the model pattern.
，
Reporting clause
This part occupies the Reporting clause position in the model pattern.
游客
据
This part occupies the 据 position in the model pattern.
人数
Source / Evidence
This part occupies the Source / Evidence position in the model pattern.
增加
Reporting clause
This part occupies the Reporting clause position in the model pattern.
了
据
This part occupies the 据 position in the model pattern.
百分
Source / Evidence
This part occupies the Source / Evidence position in the model pattern.
之十
Reporting clause
This part occupies the Reporting clause position in the model pattern.
03 / EXAMPLES
Examples You Can Reuse
Keep the structure stable while changing the people, objects, times, or conditions. Pinyin is shown as reading support; use the Chinese sentence and translation to confirm the grammar relationship.
据统计，游客人数增加了百分之十。
According to statistics, visitor numbers increased by ten percent.
据专家介绍，这个信息并不准确。
According to experts, this information is inaccurate.
据说，他还没决定放弃。
It is said that he has not decided to give up.
04 / LIMITS
When to Use It — and When Not To
Use it when
- Attribute a statement to statistics or an expert.
- Use 据说 for reported information.
- Mark an evidential basis in formal news or analysis.
Do not use it when
- Do not attach 了 to 据.
- Do not reverse 据 and its source.
- Do not use it as proof that the report is certainly true.
05 / REPAIR
Compare Right and Wrong
Compare the smallest meaningful change. Each explanation identifies a placement, scope, form, or clause relationship instead of treating the whole sentence as one undifferentiated mistake.
据了统计，人数增加了。
据统计，人数增加了。
了 is attached to the evidential preposition
据 introduces evidence and cannot take the aspect particle 了.
统计据，人数增加了。
据统计，人数增加了。
The source is placed before 据
据 must precede the source or evidence it introduces.
据了统计，人数增加了。
据 introduces evidence and cannot take the aspect particle 了.
统计据，人数增加了。
据 must precede the source or evidence it introduces.
06 / PRACTICE
Practice the Grammar Point
Complete three short tasks in order: judge the pattern, repair a common error, and build the sentence. Feedback is fixed and reviewed, so these activities do not use a checker allowance.
1. Judge the sentence
2. Choose the correction
3. Build the sentence
Build a complete sentence with 据.
07 / APPLY
Apply It in Your Sentence
Write one original sentence with 据. Your draft moves to the checker through this browser session, selects this grammar point as the first review focus, and waits for you to submit.
08 / QUESTIONS
据: According to Evidence Questions
Does 据说 guarantee that a claim is true?
No. It attributes the information to report or hearsay rather than asserting direct verification.
What can follow 据?
A source or evidence expression such as 统计, 报道, 调查, or 专家介绍 can follow it.
09 / SOURCES
Sources and Review Notes
These references support different parts of the lesson. GF0025-2021 supports level placement only; professional grammar works support the explanation, limits, examples, and cross-checks. Their inclusion does not imply endorsement.
Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education (GF0025-2021)
Ministry of Education and State Language Commission · Ministry of Education of the PRC · 2021
Locator: GF0025-2021 Appendix A, Level 6 item 【六19】, 介词：据
Supports placement in HSK 6; it does not independently establish the usage explanation.
Official sourceCVC A Level Mandarin: Vocabulary and Grammar Book 1
Mr Fan · UCL IOE Confucius Institute for Schools · 2023
Locator: Printed p. 25 / PDF p. 29, ‘The use of 据/根据’
Explains 据 + person + 说/看来 and 根据 + noun phrase as formal, written source-attribution patterns.
Official source10 / CONTINUE
Continue with a Connected Rule
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基于基于: Based on a Stated Basis
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趁趁: While the Opportunity Lasts
Compare this lesson with 趁 introducing a favorable time or circumstance; both belong to grounds, evidence, opportunity, and interpersonal basis, but they organize a different sentence role or discourse job.
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看在X的面子上看在…的面子上: Appealing to a Relationship
Compare this lesson with 看在……的面子上 grounding a request in a relationship; both belong to grounds, evidence, opportunity, and interpersonal basis, but they organize a different sentence role or discourse job.
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按照…按照: According to a Basis
Continue with the reviewed follow-up lesson to apply this pattern inside a broader, explicitly connected grammar construction.
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